tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-193604662023-06-20T06:16:36.228-07:00AntibioticsThe layperson's guide to antibiotics. What they are, how they work, when they will not work, Extended information and links.Pat O'Connorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13638920419420663623noreply@blogger.comBlogger370125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19360466.post-35044654819960744602013-05-04T08:50:00.000-07:002013-05-04T08:51:16.604-07:00Contemporary Drug Treatment of Infective Endocarditis.<br />
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<span style="color: orange;">Contemporary Drug Treatment of Infective Endocarditis.</span></h1>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Sabe%20MA%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23640269" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; color: #660066;">Sabe MA</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Shrestha%20NK%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23640269" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; color: #660066;">Shrestha NK</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Menon%20V%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23640269" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; color: #660066;">Menon V</a>.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Infective endocarditis (IE) occurs at a rate of approximately 0.9-6.2 per 100,000 people per year and is associated with a high morbidity and mortality despite advancements in antibiotic and surgical treatments. The general approach to the treatment of IE is initial clinical stabilization, early acquisition of blood cultures, and definitive medical and/or surgical treatment. Surgical consultation should be obtained early when indicated in order to determine the best treatment approach for each individual patient. Surgery is indicated in most cases of prosthetic valve endocarditis, </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis, fungal endocarditis, and endocarditis associated with large vegetations (≥10 mm). Initial antibiotic therapy for IE should be targeted to the culprit microorganism; however, in some cases, empiric therapy must be initiated prior to definitive culture diagnosis. Empiric <span class="highlight">antibiotics</span> should be targeted toward the most likely pathogens, including staphylococci, streptococci, and enterococci species. Here we discuss the recommended antibiotic regimens for the most common causes of IE as indicated by the American Heart Association and European Society of Cardiology. </b></span><br />
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<span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>In 2008, the ACC/AHA published guideline updates on the treatment of valvular heart disease, which included a focused update on endocarditis prophylaxis. According to the most recent guidelines, the number of patients who require antibiotic prophylaxis has decreased substantially. Treatment of IE should be targeted toward the causative microorganism and must be based on the type and location of valve involved (native, prosthetic, left or right sided), the clinical status of the patient, and the likelihood for clinical success. This requires a collaborative effort from multiple medical specialties including infectious disease specialists, cardiologists, and cardiothoracic surgeons.</b></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23640269">PubMed</a></div>
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Pat O'Connorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13638920419420663623noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19360466.post-57849584167784698012013-04-10T08:20:00.004-07:002013-04-10T08:20:52.961-07:00I have not been well as soon as I am I will again be posting 04/10/13<br />
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 19.200000762939453px; line-height: 22.14375114440918px;">I have not been well as soon as I am I will again be posting 04/10/13</span></span></h1>
Pat O'Connorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13638920419420663623noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19360466.post-37780785994982418012013-03-10T09:51:00.002-07:002013-03-10T09:51:38.044-07:00Cell death from antibiotics without the involvement of reactive oxygen species.<br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Liu%20Y%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23471409" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Liu Y</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Imlay%20JA%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23471409" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Imlay JA</a>.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Recent observations have suggested that classic <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">antibiotics</span> kill bacteria by stimulating the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). If true, this notion might guide new strategies to improve antibiotic efficacy. In this study, the model was directly tested. Contrary to the hypothesis, antibiotic treatment did not accelerate the formation of hydrogen peroxide in Escherichia coli and did not elevate intracellular free iron, an essential reactant for the production of lethal damage. Lethality persisted in the absence of oxygen, and DNA repair mutants were not hypersensitive, undermining the idea that toxicity arose from oxidative DNA lesions. We conclude that these antibiotic exposures did not produce ROS and that lethality more likely resulted from the direct inhibition of cell-wall assembly, protein synthesis, and DNA replication.</b></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23471409">PubMed</a></div>
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Pat O'Connorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13638920419420663623noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19360466.post-3731619598935144622013-03-10T09:48:00.001-07:002013-03-10T09:49:28.189-07:00Evaluation of drug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in retail poultry and beef.<span style="background-color: white; color: orange; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 1.125em;">Evaluation of drug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in retail poultry and beef.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Apr 2013</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Kilonzo-Nthenge%20A%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23472034" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kilonzo-Nthenge A</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Rotich%20E%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23472034" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Rotich E</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Nahashon%20SN%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23472034" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Nahashon SN</a>.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Department of Family and Consumer Science, and.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>There has been increasing concern on the emergence of multidrug-resistant foodborne pathogens from foods of animal origin, including poultry. The current study aimed to evaluate antibiotic-resistant Enterobacteriaceae from raw retail chicken/turkey parts (thigh, wings, breast, and ground) and beef meat (ground and chunks) in Middle Tennessee. Resistance of the collected Enterobacteriaceae to a panel of <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">antibiotics</span> was determined by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test. Retail meats were also assayed for the presence of Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli O157:H7. Two hundred thirty-seven samples representing 95.2% of the total of 249 samples tested were positive for Enterobacteriaceae. The level of contamination with Enterobacteriaceae in raw meats ranged from 3.26 log cfu/g to 4.94 log cfu/g with significant differences in counts among meat types (P < 0.05). Contamination was significantly greater (P < 0.05) in ground beef, beef chucks, ground chicken, chicken breast, and turkey wings (4.92, 4.58, 4.94, 4.75, 4.13 log cfu/g, respectively) than ground turkey and chicken wings (3.26 and 3.26 log cfu/g, respectively). Klebsiella oxytoca, Serratia spp., E. coli, and Haffnia alvei were most prevalent contaminants at 27.4, 14.3, 12.1, and 11.4%, respectively. Resistance of the Enterobacteriaceae to antimicrobials was most frequent with erythromycin, penicillin, and ampicillin at 100, 89, and 65.8%, respectively. Few (2.7%) of the Enterobacteriaceae were resistant to chloramphenicol. Salmonella spp., E. coli O157:H7, Morganella morganii, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Vibrio parahemolyticus exhibited multiple drug resistance. This investigation demonstrates that raw poultry and beef are potential reservoirs of antibiotic-resistant Enterobacteriaceae.</b></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23472034">PubMed</a></div>
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Pat O'Connorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13638920419420663623noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19360466.post-31442420760424152332013-02-24T08:03:00.001-08:002013-02-24T08:03:02.030-08:00Antibiotic Use in Newborns with Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn.<br />
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Antibiotic</span> Use in Newborns with Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn.</b></span></h1>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Weintraub%20AS%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23428585" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Weintraub AS</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Cadet%20CT%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23428585" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Cadet CT</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Perez%20R%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23428585" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Perez R</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Delorenzo%20E%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23428585" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Delorenzo E</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Holzman%20IR%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23428585" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Holzman IR</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Stroustrup%20A%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23428585" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Stroustrup A</a>.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Division of Newborn Medicine, Kravis Children's Hospital, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, N.Y., USA.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #ea9999;">Background:</span><span style="color: #990000;"> Initiation of empiric <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">antibiotic</span> treatment for possible early-onset sepsis is recommended for late preterm and term neonates with respiratory distress. There is no evidence base to this approach. </span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #ea9999;">Objectives:</span><span style="color: #990000;"> To determine the incidence of adverse infectious events in neonates with transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN) managed with a risk-factor-based restrictive <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">antibiotic</span> use policy. </span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #ea9999;">Methods:</span> <span style="color: #990000;">This is a single institution retrospective cohort study of neonates with primary diagnosis of TTN between 2004 and 2010. The relationship between <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">antibiotic</span> exposure and infectious outcomes during the neonatal hospitalization was evaluated. An infectious outcome was defined as pneumonia, bacteremia, clinical sepsis, or death. Analysis included t test, χ(2) test, and analysis of variance as appropriate. </span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #ea9999;">Results:</span> <span style="color: #990000;">745 neonates with TTN met inclusion criteria. None of the 494 <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">antibiotic</span>-naive infants, and 212 of the 251 <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">antibiotic</span>-exposed infants had identifiable risk factors for sepsis. No infectious outcomes occurred in infants who did not receive antibiotics. Eight neonates with TTN received full <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">antibiotic</span> treatment for early-onset sepsis. Each was appropriately identified for early receipt of antibiotics based on historical or clinical risk factors for early-onset sepsis. </span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #ea9999;">Conclusions:</span> <span style="color: #990000;">This study suggests that empiric postnatal <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">antibiotic</span>treatment may not be warranted for late preterm and term infants with TTN in the absence of specific infectious risk factors.</span></b></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23428585">PubMed</a></div>
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Pat O'Connorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13638920419420663623noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19360466.post-67167073754937657412013-02-24T07:59:00.000-08:002013-02-24T07:59:00.663-08:00The Use of Machine Learning Methodologies to Analyse Antibiotic and Biocide Susceptibility in Staphylococcus aureus.<br />
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>The Use of Machine Learning Methodologies to Analyse <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Antibiotic</span> and Biocide Susceptibility in Staphylococcus aureus.</b></span></h1>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>2013</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Coelho%20JR%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23431361" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Coelho JR</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Carri%C3%A7o%20JA%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23431361" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Carriço JA</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Knight%20D%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23431361" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Knight D</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Mart%C3%ADnez%20JL%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23431361" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Martínez JL</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Morrissey%20I%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23431361" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Morrissey I</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Oggioni%20MR%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23431361" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Oggioni MR</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Freitas%20AT%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23431361" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Freitas AT</a>.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Source</b></span></h3>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>INESC-ID/IST, Technical University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Abstract</b></span></h3>
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<span style="color: #ea9999; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>BACKGROUND:</b></span></h4>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>The rise of <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">antibiotic</span> resistance in pathogenic bacteria is a significant problem for the treatment of infectious diseases. Resistance is usually selected by the <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">antibiotic</span> itself; however, biocides might also co-select for resistance to antibiotics. Although resistance to biocides is poorly defined, different in vitro studies have shown that mutants presenting low susceptibility to biocides also have reduced susceptibility to antibiotics. However, studies with natural bacterial isolates are more limited and there are no clear conclusions as to whether the use of biocides results in the development of multidrug resistant bacteria.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ea9999; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>METHODS:</b></span></h4>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>The main goal is to perform an unbiased blind-based evaluation of the relationship between <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">antibiotic</span> and biocide reduced susceptibility in natural isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. One of the largest data sets ever studied comprising 1632 human clinical isolates of S. aureus originated worldwide was analysed. The phenotypic characterization of 13 antibiotics and 4 biocides was performed for all the strains. Complex links between reduced susceptibility to biocides and antibiotics are difficult to elucidate using the standard statistical approaches in phenotypic data. Therefore, machine learning techniques were applied to explore the data.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ea9999; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>RESULTS:</b></span></h4>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>In this pioneer study, we demonstrated that reduced susceptibility to two common biocides, chlorhexidine and benzalkonium chloride, which belong to different structural families, is associated to multidrug resistance. We have consistently found that a minimum inhibitory concentration greater than 2 mg/L for both biocides is related to <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">antibiotic</span> non-susceptibility in S. aureus.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ea9999; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>CONCLUSIONS:</b></span></h4>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Two important results emerged from our work, one methodological and one other with relevance in the field of <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">antibiotic</span> resistance. We could not conclude on whether the use of antibiotics selects for biocide resistance or vice versa. However, the observation of association between multiple resistance and two biocides commonly used may be of concern for the treatment of infectious diseases in the future.</b></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23431361">PubMed</a></div>
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Pat O'Connorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13638920419420663623noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19360466.post-68230484683678524312013-02-17T08:56:00.003-08:002013-02-17T08:56:22.379-08:00Application of temporarily functional antibiotic-containing bone cement prosthesis in revision hip arthroplasty.<br />
<h1 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0.375em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: orange; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Application of temporarily functional <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">antibiotic</span>-containing bone cement prosthesis in revision hip arthroplasty.</b></span></h1>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>2012</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div class="auths" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Liu%20K%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23412265" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Liu K</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Zheng%20J%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23412265" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Zheng J</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Jin%20Y%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23412265" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jin Y</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Zhao%20YQ%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23412265" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Zhao YQ</a>.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Source</b></span></h3>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Department of Orthopedics, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, No. 7, Weiwu Road, 450003, Zhengzhou, China.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Abstract</b></span></h3>
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<span style="color: #985735; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 36px;"><b><br /></b></span></span><div class="" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<span style="color: #e06666; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>PURPOSE:</b></span></h4>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>To investigate the clinical outcome of two-stage revision total hip arthroplasty for infected hip arthroplasty using<span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">antibiotic</span>-impregnated cement prosthesis.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<h4 style="border: 0px; float: left; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0.25em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #e06666; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>MATERIALS AND METHODS:</b></span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b> <span style="color: #990000;">Forty-one patients, who suffered from an infection after hip replacement or internal fixation of femoral neck and trochanteric fractures, were treated with a two-stage revision hip arthroplasty and followed up for an average of 37 months. All the patients were implanted with <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">antibiotic</span>-impregnated cement prosthesis as one-stage treatment and were then managed with two-stage revision hip arthroplasty after 12-24 weeks. During the follow-up, Merle d'Aubigné hip score and Harris score were employed for assessment of hip function, and infection recurrence was observed.</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ea9999; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>RESULTS:</b></span></h4>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>According to Merle d'Aubigné hip score, 16 patients (39.2 %) were excellent, 19 (46.3 %) were good, 6 (14.6 %) were moderate, and no bad result and the average score was 15.42. Mean Harris score of preoperation, interval period, and postoperation was 46.7, 66.5, and 92.3, respectively. There was no infection recurrence.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<h4 style="border: 0px; float: left; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0.25em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #ea9999; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>CONCLUSION:</b></span></h4>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Two-stage revision total hip arthroplasty for infected hip arthroplasty using <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">antibiotic</span>-impregnated cement prosthesis has a satisfying clinical outcome.</b></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23412265">PubMed</a></div>
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Pat O'Connorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13638920419420663623noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19360466.post-66592226760858193442013-02-17T08:53:00.001-08:002013-02-17T08:53:11.041-08:00Efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis in patients undergoing cystoscopy: a randomized clinical trial.<br />
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Efficacy of <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">antibiotic</span> prophylaxis in patients undergoing cystoscopy: a randomized clinical trial.</b></span></h1>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Feb 2013</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div class="auths" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Garc%C3%ADa-Perdomo%20HA%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23412704" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">García-Perdomo HA</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=L%C3%B3pez%20H%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23412704" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">López H</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Carbonell%20J%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23412704" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Carbonell J</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Castillo%20D%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23412704" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Castillo D</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Cata%C3%B1o%20JG%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23412704" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Cataño JG</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Ser%C3%B3n%20P%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23412704" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Serón P</a>.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Source</b></span></h3>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>University of Valle, Cra 35 No 3a-38 Ap 301, Cali, Colombia, herney.garcia@correounivalle.edu.co.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ea9999; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>OBJECTIVE:</b></span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b> <span style="color: #990000;">To establish the efficacy of <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">antibiotic</span> prophylaxis prior to cystoscopy in outpatients in decreasing the incidence of post-procedure urinary tract infection.</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ea9999; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING:</b></span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b> <span style="color: #990000;">A randomized clinical trial in patients (men and women) older than 18 who underwent cystoscopy for any non-urgent indication. The intervention was Levofloxacin 500 mg single dose, and the control was placebo 500 mg single dose made with similar characteristics. The primary outcome was urinary tract infection (UTI) measured 3-10 days after the procedure. It was performed as per protocol analysis.</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ea9999; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>RESULTS:</b></span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b> <span style="color: #990000;">Hundred and thirty-eight patients in each study arm completed the trial. The incidence of UTI in the intervention group was 0.7 % and in the placebo group was 3 % (p = 0.17), and no significant differences were found. The incidence of asymptomatic bacteriuria in the intervention group was 5.8 % and in the control group was 14.5 % (p = 0.01).</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ea9999; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>CONCLUSIONS:</b></span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b> <span style="color: #990000;">No significant differences were found in the use of prophylactic <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">antibiotic</span> compared to placebo to reduce the incidence of UTI in patients who undergo cystoscopy as an outpatient procedure with sterile urine demonstrated by urine culture.</span></b></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23412704">PubMed</a></div>
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Pat O'Connorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13638920419420663623noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19360466.post-88837901343668230122013-02-08T08:33:00.004-08:002013-02-08T08:33:48.151-08:00Antibiotics for the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy.<br />
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Antibiotics</span> for the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy.</b></span></h1>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Feb 2013</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Patidar%20KR%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23389621" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Patidar KR</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Bajaj%20JS%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23389621" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bajaj JS</a>.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Source</b></span></h3>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, 1201 Broad Rock Boulevard, Richmond, VA, USA.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Abstract</b></span></h3>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>The treatment of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is complex and therapeutic regimens vary according to the acuity of presentation and the goals of therapy. Most treatments for HE rely on manipulating the intestinal milieu and therefore <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">antibiotics</span> that act on the gut form a key treatment strategy. Prominent <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">antibiotics</span> studied in HE are neomycin, metronidazole, vancomycin and rifaximin. For the management of the acute episode, all <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">antibiotics</span> have been tested. However the limited numbers studied, adverse effects (neomycin oto- and nephrotoxicity, metronidazole neurotoxicity) and potential for resistance emergence (vancomycin-resistant enterococcus) has limited the use of most <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">antibiotics</span>, apart from rifaximin which has the greatest evidence base. Rifaximin has also demonstrated, in conjunction with lactulose, to prevent overt HE recurrence in a multi-center, randomized trial. Despite its cost in the US, rifaximin may prove cost-saving by preventing hospitalizations for overt HE. In minimal/covert HE, rifaximin is the only systematically studied antibiotic. Rifaximin showed improvement in cognition, inflammation, quality-of-life and driving simulator performance but cost-analysis does not favor its use at the current time. <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Antibiotics</span>, especially rifaximin, have a definite role in the management across the spectrum of HE.</b></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23389621">PubMed</a></div>
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Pat O'Connorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13638920419420663623noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19360466.post-82971389603866965572013-02-02T07:18:00.002-08:002013-02-02T07:18:21.515-08:00Perioperative Antibiotic Use for Spinal Surgeries in US Children's Hospitals.<br />
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Perioperative Antibiotic Use for Spinal Surgeries in US Children's Hospitals.</b></span></h1>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Jan 2013 </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=McLeod%20LM%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23370689" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">McLeod LM</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Keren%20R%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23370689" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Keren R</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Gerber%20J%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23370689" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Gerber J</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=French%20B%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23370689" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">French B</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Song%20L%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23370689" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Song L</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Sampson%20NR%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23370689" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sampson NR</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Flynn%20J%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23370689" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Flynn J</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Dormans%20JP%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23370689" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Dormans JP</a>.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Source</b></span></h3>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>1Department of General Pediatrics, Center for Pediatric Clinical Effectiveness, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 2Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 3Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 4Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Abstract</b></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: orange;">ABSTRACT:</span> <span style="color: #990000;">Study Design: Retrospective cohort study using the Pediatric Health Information Systems (PHIS) database.</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Objective:</span> <span style="color: #990000;">To describe longitudinal patterns of prophylactic antibiotic use and determinants of antibiotic choice for spinal fusion surgeries performed at US children's hospitals.Summary of Background Data: Surgical Site Infections (SSIs) account for a significant proportion of post-spinal surgery complications, particularly among children with complex conditions such as neuromuscular disease. Antimicrobial prophylaxis with intravenous (IV) cefazolin or cefuroxime has been a standard practice, but postoperative infections caused by organisms resistant to these <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">antibiotics</span> are increasing in prevalence. Studies describing the choice of antibiotic prophylaxis for pediatric spinal surgery are lacking.</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #990000;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Methods:</span><span style="color: #990000;"> We included children 6 months to 18 years of age discharged from 37 US children's hospitals between January 1, 2006 - June 30, 2009 with 1) an ICD9-CM procedure code indicating a spinal fusion and 2) combinations of diagnosis codes indicating adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS, n = 5,617) or neuromuscular scoliosis (NMS, n = 3,633). After identifying <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">antibiotics</span> ordered on the operative day, we described variation in broad-spectrum antibiotic use over time, and measured associations between patient/surgery characteristics and antibiotic choice.</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Results:</span> <span style="color: #990000;">Prophylactic antibiotic choice varied across hospitals and over time. Broad-spectrum <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">antibiotics</span> were used in 37% of AIS and 52% of NMS operations. Seven (19%) hospitals used broad spectrum coverage for greater than 80% of all cases. For NMS procedures, broad-spectrum antibiotic use was associated with patient characteristics known to be associated with high SSI risk. Use of vancomycin and broad gram-negative <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">agents</span> increased over time.</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Conclusion:</span> <span style="color: #990000;">Broad-spectrum antimicrobial prophylaxis varied across hospitals, and was often associated with known risk factors for SSI. These results highlight the need for future studies comparing the effectiveness of various prophylaxis strategies, particularly in high risk subgroups. This research can inform the development of best practice for SSI prevention in spinal fusion procedures.</span></b></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23370689">PubMed</a></div>
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Pat O'Connorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13638920419420663623noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19360466.post-60669116833648057342013-01-30T10:16:00.000-08:002013-01-30T10:16:25.266-08:00Factors Affecting the Prescribing Patterns of Antibiotics and Injections<br />
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Factors Affecting the Prescribing Patterns of Antibiotics and Injections</b></span></h1>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>2012</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Choi%20KH%5Bauth%5D" style="border: 0px; color: #642a8f; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kyung-Hyun Choi</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Park%20SM%5Bauth%5D" style="border: 0px; color: #642a8f; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sang-Min Park</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Lee%20JH%5Bauth%5D" style="border: 0px; color: #642a8f; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ju-Hyun Lee</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Kwon%20S%5Bauth%5D" style="border: 0px; color: #642a8f; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Soonman Kwon</a><sup style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="corresponding author" src="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/corrauth.gif" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" /></sup><sup style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">1</sup></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=19360466" rid="id1256256_ai" style="border: 0px; color: #642a8f; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Author information <span style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">►</span></a> <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=19360466" rid="id1256256_an" style="border: 0px; color: #642a8f; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Article notes <span style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">►</span></a> <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=19360466" rid="id1256256_cpl" style="border: 0px; color: #642a8f; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #642a8f;"><span style="font: inherit;">Copyright and License information</span></span><span style="color: #642a8f;"><span style="font: inherit;"> </span></span><span style="border: 0px; color: #642a8f; font: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">►</span></a></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>ABSTRACT</b></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px;"><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>There are serious problems concerning the inadequate prescription of antibiotics and overuse of injections in primary care. However, the determinants of prescription patterns in Korea are not well-documented. To examine the area characteristics affecting the prescription of antibiotics and injections in primary care practices in the treatment of respiratory tract infections (RTIs), a nationwide cross-sectional study was performed in all 250 administrative districts of Korea. The outcome was modeled as a binary variable: over-prescription or not compared with the nation-wide average. Over-prescription of antibiotics was associated with the ratio of specialists to general physicians and over-prescription in previous years in the area (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 4.8; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.5-14.8; and aOR, 12.0; 95% CI 5.5-25.9, respectively). Over-use of injections was associated with younger population, urban living and the number of hospital beds in the area (aOR, 0.2; 95% CI 0.1-0.4; aOR, 0.3; 95% CI 0.1-0.8; and aOR, 0.4, 95% CI 0.2-0.9; respectively). There were differences in the prescribing patterns in different districts; prescription patterns were affected more by supply factors than by demand factors. Highly competitive medical environment associated with supply factors is a significant determinant of prescription patterns in Korea.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px;"><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Read the full text article</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3271283/"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">NIH - Journal of Korean Medical Science</span></a></span></div>
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Pat O'Connorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13638920419420663623noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19360466.post-73231899064440489752013-01-30T10:13:00.000-08:002013-01-30T10:13:15.900-08:00Pathogen- and Host-Directed Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Macrolide Antibiotics<br />
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Pathogen- and Host-Directed Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Macrolide Antibiotics</b></span></h1>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Steel%20HC%5Bauth%5D" style="border: 0px; color: #642a8f; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Helen C. Steel</a>,<sup style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"> </sup><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Theron%20AJ%5Bauth%5D" style="border: 0px; color: #642a8f; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Annette J. Theron</a>,<sup style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"> </sup><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Cockeran%20R%5Bauth%5D" style="border: 0px; color: #642a8f; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Riana Cockeran</a>,<sup style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"> </sup><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Anderson%20R%5Bauth%5D" style="border: 0px; color: #642a8f; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ronald Anderson</a>,<sup style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"> </sup>and <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Feldman%20C%5Bauth%5D" style="border: 0px; color: #642a8f; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Charles Feldman</a><sup style="border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"> </sup></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=19360466" rid="id662170_ai" style="border: 0px; color: #642a8f; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Author information <span style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">►</span></a> <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=19360466" rid="id662170_an" style="border: 0px; color: #642a8f; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Article notes <span style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">►</span></a> <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=19360466" rid="id662170_cpl" style="border: 0px; color: #642a8f; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #642a8f;"><span style="font: inherit;">Copyright and License information</span></span><span style="color: #642a8f;"><span style="font: inherit;"> </span></span><span style="border: 0px; color: #642a8f; font: inherit; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">►</span></a></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>ABSTRACT</b></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px;"><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Macrolide antibiotics possess several, beneficial, secondary properties which complement their primary antimicrobial activity. In addition to high levels of tissue penetration, which may counteract seemingly macrolide-resistant bacterial pathogens, these agents also possess anti-inflammatory properties, unrelated to their primary antimicrobial activity. Macrolides target cells of both the innate and adaptive immune systems, as well as structural cells, and are beneficial in controlling harmful inflammatory responses during acute and chronic bacterial infection. These secondary anti-inflammatory activities of macrolides appear to be particularly effective in attenuating neutrophil-mediated inflammation. This, in turn, may contribute to the usefulness of these agents in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory disorders of both microbial and nonmicrobial origin, predominantly of the airways. This paper is focused on the various mechanisms of macrolide-mediated anti-inflammatory activity which target both microbial pathogens and the cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems, with emphasis on their clinical relevance.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 25.200000762939453px;"><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><br />Read the full text article with images:</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 15.600000381469727px; line-height: 25.200000762939453px;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3388425/"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">NIH - Mediatotors of Inflammation</span></a></span></div>
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Pat O'Connorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13638920419420663623noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19360466.post-18616249489834035912013-01-30T10:09:00.000-08:002013-01-30T10:09:09.407-08:00Present and future of prophylactic antibiotics for severe acute pancreatitis<h1 class="content-title" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 1em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: orange; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Present and future of prophylactic antibiotics for severe acute pancreatitis</b></span></h1>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Jiang%20K%5Bauth%5D" style="border: 0px; color: #642a8f; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kun Jiang</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Huang%20W%5Bauth%5D" style="border: 0px; color: #642a8f; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Wei Huang</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Yang%20XN%5Bauth%5D" style="border: 0px; color: #642a8f; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Xiao-Nan Yang</a>, and <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Xia%20Q%5Bauth%5D" style="border: 0px; color: #642a8f; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Qing Xia</a></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Abstract</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ea9999; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>AIM: </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #990000;">To investigate the role of prophylactic antibiotics in the reduction of mortality of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) patients, which is highly questioned by more and more randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and meta-analyses</span>.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #ea9999;">METHODS:</span><span style="color: #e06666;"> </span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>An updated meta-analysis was performed. RCTs comparing prophylactic antibiotics for SAP with control or placebo were included for meta-analysis. The mortality outcomes were pooled for estimation, and re-pooled estimation was performed by the sensitivity analysis of an ideal large-scale RCT.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ea9999; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>RESULTS:</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Currently available 11 RCTs were included. Subgroup analysis showed that there was significant reduction of mortality rate in the period before 2000, while no significant reduction in the period from 2000 [Risk Ratio, (<em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">RR</em>) = 1.01, <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">P</em> = 0.98]. Funnel plot indicated that there might be apparent publication bias in the period before 2000. Sensitivity analysis showed that the <em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">RR</em> of mortality rate ranged from 0.77 to 1.00 with a relatively narrow confidence interval (<em style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">P</em> < 0.05). However, the number needed to treat having a minor lower limit of the range (7-5096 patients) implied that certain SAP patients could still potentially prevent death by antibiotic prophylaxis.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ea9999; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>CONCLUSION:</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Current evidences do not support prophylactic antibiotics as a routine treatment for SAP, but the potentially benefited sub-population requires further investigations.</b></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3261546/"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">NIH-World Journal of Gastroenterology</span></a>Pat O'Connorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13638920419420663623noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19360466.post-37429899130588499962013-01-22T06:10:00.001-08:002013-01-22T06:10:46.987-08:00The Cpx Stress Response Confers Resistance to Some, but Not All Bactericidal Antibiotics.<br />
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>The Cpx Stress Response Confers Resistance to Some, but Not All Bactericidal <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Antibiotics</span>.</b></span></h1>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Mahoney%20TF%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23335416" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mahoney TF</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Silhavy%20TJ%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23335416" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Silhavy TJ</a>.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Source</b></span></h3>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Princeton University, Department of Molecular Biology Princeton, NJ 08544.</b></span></div>
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<h3 style="border: 0px; color: #985735; font: inherit; line-height: 1.2857; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Abstract</b></span></h3>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>It has recently been suggested that bactericidal <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">antibiotics</span> including aminoglycosides (AGAs), and toxic small molecules, such as hydroxyurea (HU), kill bacteria the same way; namely, by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) via a process requiring activation of the Cpx stress response. We suggest an opposite, protective role for Cpx. We have confirmed the initial finding that cpxA null mutations confer resistance to HU. However, the two-component sensor CpxA is both a kinase and a phosphatase, and previous work from our lab has shown that removing CpxA can activate the stress response owing to buildup of the phosphorylated response regulator (CpxR∼P) that occurs in the absence of the phosphatase activity. We show that a dominant cpxA* mutation that constitutively activates the Cpx stress response confers a high level of resistance to both HU and AGAs in a CpxR dependent manner. In contrast, inactivating the CpxR response regulator, by mutating the phosphorylation site (D51A) or the putative DNA-binding motif (M199A) does not increase resistance to HU or AGAs. Taken together, these results demonstrate that activation of the Cpx stress response can protect cells from HU and AGAs. However the Cpx response does not increase resistance to all classes of bactericidal <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">antibiotics</span>, as the cpxA* mutants are not significantly more resistant to fluoroquinolones or β-lactams than wild-type cells. Thus, it seems unlikely that all bactericidal<span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">antibiotics</span> kill by the same mechanism.</b></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23335416">PubMed</a></div>
</div>
Pat O'Connorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13638920419420663623noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19360466.post-61169922761452515992013-01-21T08:42:00.001-08:002013-01-21T08:42:11.534-08:00Distribution of anaerobes in periodontal abscess and its resistance to antibiotics.<br />
<h1 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0.375em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: orange; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Distribution of anaerobes in periodontal abscess and its resistance to <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">antibiotics</span>.</b></span></h1>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Dec 2012</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>[Article in Chinese]</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=He%20JL%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23328096" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">He JL</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Yu%20LY%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23328096" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Yu LY</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Chen%20JZ%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23328096" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Chen JZ</a>.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Source</b></span></h3>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Department of Stomatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China. Email: wuyu1984@hotmail.com.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Abstract</b></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ea9999; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>OBJECTIVE:</b></span></h4>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>To isolate and culture the predominant anaerobes from the periodontal abscesses, and to test the antibiotic susceptibility and drug resistant genes of the strains.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ea9999; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>METHODS:</b></span></h4>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>The isolated strains were identified by both API20A biochemical method and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. The antibiotic susceptibility test was performed by agar dilution method. The resistant genes of the drug-resistant strains obtained were screened by PCR.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ea9999; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>RESULTS:</b></span></h4>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>The anaerobes were detected in 48% (28/58) of the samples and Prevotella melaninogenica (Pm) was mostly identified in 43% (12/28). API20A biochemical method had 82% (23/28) agreement with the 16SrRNA method in identification rate. Anaerobes were resistant to metronidazole, clindamycin and cefmetazole. The erythromycin-resistant methylase genes F (ermF) gene was detected in three of eight clindamycin resistant strains. None of them was found coded on bacterial plasmids. However, no metronidazole resistant gene was detected on drug resistant strains.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ea9999; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>CONCLUSIONS:</b></span></h4>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Pm was the predominant species dectected in the periodontal abscess of the patients. The antibiotic <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">agents</span> should be used based on the genotypes and general condition of the patients.</b></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23328096">PubMed</a></div>
</div>
Pat O'Connorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13638920419420663623noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19360466.post-81021036493306401232013-01-14T06:53:00.003-08:002013-01-14T06:58:02.952-08:00Tigecycline-related pancreatitis: a review of spontaneous adverse event reports.<b style="background-color: white; color: orange; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.125em;">Tigecycline-related pancreatitis: a review of spontaneous adverse event reports.</b><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Jan 2013</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div class="auths" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Okon%20E%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23307547" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Okon E</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Engell%20C%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23307547" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Engell C</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=van%20Manen%20R%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23307547" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">van Manen R</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Brown%20J%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23307547" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Brown J</a>.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Source</b></span></h3>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Beth Israel Medical Center, Newark, New Jersey , the Netherlands.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Abstract</b></span></h3>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;"><b><br /></b></span></h3>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 18px;"><b>Keywords:</b></span></h3>
<div>
<div class="keywordLists" style="border: 0px; float: left; line-height: 12px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<ul class="keywordList" id="abstractKeywords1" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 72.3em;"><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>
<li style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0.3em 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">tigecycline;</li>
<li style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0.3em 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">pancreatitis;</li>
<li style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0.3em 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">tetracycline;</li>
<li style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0.3em 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">antimicrobials;</li>
</b></span></ul>
<ul class="keywordList" id="abstractKeywords1" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 72.3em;"><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>
<li style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0.3em 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">adverse drug reaction</li>
</b></span></ul>
<ul class="keywordList" id="abstractKeywords1" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 72.3em;"><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>
<li style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; display: inline; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0.3em 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></li>
</b></span></ul>
<ul class="keywordList" id="abstractKeywords1" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 72.3em;"><span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>
</b></span></ul>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<h4 style="border: 0px; float: left; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0.25em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #ea9999; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>STUDY OBJECTIVE:</b></span></h4>
<div>
<span style="color: #ea9999; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></span>
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #990000; font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">To provide clinicians with an understanding</span><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">of the comparative occurrence of tigecycline and pancreatitis, and to provide any clinically relevant characteristics that may be useful in identifying the patients at risk.</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<h4 style="border: 0px; float: left; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0.25em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #ea9999; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>DESIGN:</b></span></h4>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Retrospective cohort study.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<h4 style="border: 0px; float: left; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0.25em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #ea9999; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>DATA SOURCE:</b></span></h4>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Spontaneous reports in the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS) database generated between January 1997 and December 2010.</b></span><br />
<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<h4 style="border: 0px; float: left; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0.25em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #ea9999; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>PATIENTS:</b></span></h4>
<div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Sixty-two patients who experienced pancreatitis while receiving tigecycline therapy.</b></span><br />
<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<h4 style="border: 0px; float: left; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0.25em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #ea9999; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:</b></span></h4>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<b style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Disproportionality analysis with Bayesia</span></b><br />
<b style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">n correction methodology was used to compare tigecycline with all other <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">agents</span> listed in the AERS. Disproportionality analysis uses an adverse event relative reporting ratio (RRR) to compare the occurrence of a specific adverse event with an index drug of interest to the occurrence of the same adverse event with similar <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">agents</span> or with all other FDA-approved prescription drugs. The value was considered meaningful if the 5th percentile of the distribution of the RRR (RRR(05) ) was 2 or greater. Our review identified 62 potential cases of tigecyline-related pancreatitis. An RRR(05) score of 10.4, 10.38, and 2.87 was determined for tigecycline-related pancreatitis compared with all other <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">agents</span>, systemic <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">antibiotics</span>, and select tetracyclines listed in the AERS, respectively. In addition, a sex-based RRR(05) score was higher in women versus men (14.432 vs 3.125) when tigecycline was compared with all <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">agents</span> in the AERS.</span></b><br />
<b style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<h4 style="border: 0px; float: left; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0.25em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #ea9999; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>CONCLUSION:</b></span></h4>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Our analysis suggests a quantitative signal between tigecycline use and pancreatitis; however, given the limitations of our study, a cause-and-effect relationship cannot be inferred. Thus, additional rigorous scientific analyses are warranted to explore these findings.</b></span></div>
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<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/phar.1159/abstract;jsessionid=1513C4EC01E9B9DC3580B37793295F66.d02t03">Wiley OnLine</a></div>
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Pat O'Connorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13638920419420663623noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19360466.post-31698395848240994482013-01-07T09:23:00.001-08:002013-01-07T09:23:32.287-08:00Antibiotic resistance pattern among common bacterial uropathogens with a special reference to ciprofloxacin resistant Escherichia coli.<br />
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Antibiotic resistance pattern among common bacterial uropathogens with a special reference to ciprofloxacin resistant Escherichia coli.</b></span></h1>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Nov 2012</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Mandal%20J%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23287133" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mandal J</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Acharya%20NS%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23287133" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Acharya NS</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Buddhapriya%20D%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23287133" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Buddhapriya D</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Parija%20SC%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23287133" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Parija SC</a>.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, Puducherry, India.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Abstract</b></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #ea9999;">Background & objectives:</span> <span style="color: #990000;">The resistance of bacteria causing urinary tract infection (UTI) to commonly prescribed <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">antibiotics </span>is increasing both in developing as well as in developed countries. Resistance has emerged even to more potent antimicrobial<span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">agents</span>. The present study was undertaken to report the current antibiotic resistance pattern among common bacterial uropathogens isolated in a tertiary care hospital in south India, with a special reference to ciprofloxacin. </span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #ea9999;">Methods: </span><span style="color: #990000;">A total of 19,050 consecutive urine samples were cultured and pathogens isolated were identified by standard methods. Antibiotic susceptibility was done by Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. The clinical and demographic profile of the patients was noted. Results: Of the 19,050 samples, 62 per cent were sterile, 26.01 per cent showed significant growth, 2.3 per cent showed insignificant growth and 9.6 per cent were found contaminated. Significant association of prior use of <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">antibiotics</span> in males, UTI in adults, gynecological surgery in females, obstructive uropathy in males and complicated UTI in females with the occurrence of UTI with ciprofloxacin resistant Escherichia coli was noted. Significant association was noted in females with prior <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">antibiotics</span>, with prior urological surgery and in males with prior complicated UTI. There was no significant association with diabetes mellitus with the occurrence of UTI with ciprofloxacin resistant E. coli. Fluoroquinolone resistance was found to increase with age.</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #ea9999;">Interpretations & conclusions:</span> <span style="color: #990000;">Ciprofloxacin resistance has emerged due to its frequent use. This resistance was seen more in the in-patients, elderly males and females. Also the resistance to other <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">antibiotics</span> was also high. Increasing antibiotic resistance trends indicate that it is imperative to rationalize the use of antimicrobials in the community and also use these conservatively.</span></b></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23287133">PubMed</a></div>
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Pat O'Connorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13638920419420663623noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19360466.post-33053557084747392612013-01-01T08:33:00.001-08:002013-01-01T08:33:12.988-08:00Mutational and transcriptomic changes involved in the development of macrolide resistance in Campylobacter jejuni.<br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: orange;">Mutational and transcriptomic changes involved in the development of macrolide resistance in Campylobacter jejuni.</span><br /></b></span></h1>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Dec 2012</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Hao%20H%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23274667" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Hao H</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Yuan%20Z%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23274667" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Yuan Z</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Shen%20Z%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23274667" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Shen Z</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Han%20J%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23274667" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Han J</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Sahin%20O%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23274667" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sahin O</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Liu%20P%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23274667" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Liu P</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Zhang%20Q%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23274667" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Zhang Q</a>.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Source</b></span></h3>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues(HZAU)/MOA Key Laboratory of Food Safety Evaluation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Abstract</b></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Macrolide <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">antibiotics</span> are important for clinical treatment of infections caused by Campylobacter jejuni. Development of resistance to this class of <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">antibiotics</span> in Campylobacter is a complex process and the dynamic molecular changes involved in this process remain poorly defined. Multiple lineages of macrolide-resistant mutants were selected by stepwise exposure of C. jejuni to escalating doses of erythromycin or tylosin. Mutations in target genes were determined by DNA sequencing and the dynamic changes in the expression of antibiotic efflux transporters and the transcriptome of C. jejuni were examined by real-time RT-PCR, immunoblotting, and DNA microarray. Multiple types of mutations in ribosomal proteins L4 and L22 occurred in the early stepwise selection. On the contrary, the mutations in 23S rRNA gene, mediating highly resistant to macrolides, were only observed in the late-stage mutants. Upregulation of antibiotic efflux genes was observed in the intermediate-level resistant mutants, and the magnitude of upregulation declined as the occurrence of mutations in the 23S rRNA. DNA microarray analysis revealed differential expression of 265 genes, most of which occurred in the intermediate mutant, including upregulation of genes encoding ribosomal proteins and downregulation of genes involved in energy metabolism and motility. These results indicate 1) that mutations in L4 and L22 along with temporal overexpression of antibiotic efflux genes precede and may facilitate the development of high-level macrolide resistance and 2) that the development of macrolide resistance affects the pathways important for physiology and metabolism in C. jejuni, providing an explanation for the reduced fitness of macrolide-resistant Campylobacter.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 15.600000381469727px;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23274667"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">PubMed</span></a></span></div>
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Pat O'Connorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13638920419420663623noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19360466.post-11751864956796281632013-01-01T08:23:00.000-08:002013-01-01T08:23:41.144-08:00Recent development of potent analogues of oxazolidinone antibacterial agents<br />
<h1 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font: inherit; line-height: 1.125em; margin: 0.375em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: orange; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Recent development of potent analogues of oxazolidinone antibacterial <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">agents</span>.</b></span></h1>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><br /><span style="color: #990000;">Dec 2012</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b> </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Michalska%20K%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23273607" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Michalska K</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Karpiuk%20I%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23273607" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Karpiuk I</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Kr%C3%B3l%20M%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23273607" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Król M</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Tyski%20S%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23273607" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Tyski S</a>.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Source</b></span></h3>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Department of <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Antibiotics</span> and Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland. Electronic address: kmichalska@il.waw.pl.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Abstract</b></span></h3>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>The oxazolidinones are a new and potent class of antimicrobial <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">agents</span> with activity mainly against Gram-positive strains. The commercial success of linezolid, the only FDA-approved oxazolidinone, has prompted many pharmaceutical companies to devote resources to this area of investigation. Until now, four types of chemical modifications of linezolid and oxazolidinone-type antibacterial <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">agents</span>, including modification on each of the A-(oxazolidinone), B-(phenyl), and C-(morpholine) rings as well as the C-5 side chain of the A-ring substructure, have been described. Division into sections according to side chain modification or the type of ring will be used throughout this review, although the process of synthesis usually involves the simultaneous modification of several elements of the linezolid substructure; therefore, assignment into the appropriate section depends on the structure-activity relationships (SAR) studies. This review makes an attempt to summarise the work carried out in the period from 2006 until mid-2012.</b></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23273607"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">PubMed</span></a></div>
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Pat O'Connorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13638920419420663623noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19360466.post-50428324599778701302012-12-27T07:02:00.000-08:002012-12-27T07:02:55.021-08:00Documentation of vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) among children with atopic dermatitis in the Qassim region, Saudi Arabia.<br />
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Documentation of vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) among children with atopic dermatitis in the Qassim region, Saudi Arabia.</b></span></h1>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Sept 2012</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Alzolibani%20AA%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23267872" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Alzolibani AA</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Al%20Robaee%20AA%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23267872" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Al Robaee AA</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Al%20Shobaili%20HA%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23267872" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Al Shobaili HA</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Bilal%20JA%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23267872" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bilal JA</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Issa%20Ahmad%20M%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23267872" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Issa Ahmad M</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Bin%20Saif%20G%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23267872" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bin Saif G</a>.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Source</b></span></h3>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah 51477, Saudi Arabia. azolibani@yahoo.com.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Abstract</b></span></h3>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Staphylococcus aureus is known as a common pathogen in atopic dermatitis. A methicillin-resistant S. aureus strain with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin (VISA/VRSA) is increasing worldwide. The aims of this study were to evaluate the <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">antibiotic</span>-susceptibility pattern of S. aureus isolated from children with atopic dermatitis and to identify the occurrence of resistance to glycopeptide antibiotics.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ea9999; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>METHODS:</b></span></h4>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Swabs were collected from atopic dermatitis skin lesions of 80 children being treated at dermatology clinics whose ages ranged from 6 months to 15 years in the period from March 2009 to February 2010. Isolates were studied with an antibiogram for an <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">antibiotic</span>-susceptibility test. The selected antibiotics were the usually administered antimicrobials at dermatological clinics in Buraydah (Qassim, Saudi Arabia). Results were determined as minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) using the Vitek system.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ea9999; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>RESULTS:</b></span></h4>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Thirty S. aureus isolates showed resistance to streptomycin (100%), benzylpenicillin and ampicillin (96.7%), and oxacillin (90%). S. aureus resistance to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, tigecycline, and vancomycin was 63.3%, 83.3%, and 53.3%, respectively. Resistance to linezolid was less, at 5.7%.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ea9999; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>CONCLUSIONS:</b></span></h4>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Strains of MRSA with decreasing susceptibility to vancomycin were documented in the Qassim region of Saudi Arabia. Other studies will be required on VISA/VRSA strains concerning phenotypic and genotypic characterization.</b></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23267872">PubMed</a></div>
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Pat O'Connorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13638920419420663623noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19360466.post-13001447179775710072012-12-27T06:53:00.001-08:002012-12-27T06:53:56.042-08:00Antibiotics' effect on chest infections queried<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Antibiotics' effect on chest infections queried</b></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #ea9999;"><i>Posted: Thu 27/12/2012 by Deborah Condon </i></span><a href="http://www.irishhealth.com/" style="color: #003399; text-decoration: initial;">www.irishhealth.com</a></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Chest infections are very common at this time of year. However, a new study has found that an antibiotic commonly prescribed for some of these infections does not work, even in older patients.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>The study focused on common lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI), such as bronchitis and the effect of the antibiotic, amoxicillin.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>According to UK scientists, LRTIs are one of the most common acute illnesses seen by GPs. While most of these infections are thought to be caused by viruses - which antibiotics have no effect on - the use of the drugs in treating them is a topic of major debate. To date, research results have been conflicting.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>The team from the University of Southampton looked at over 2,000 adults with acute, uncomplicated LRTIs from 12 European countries, including England, Wales, Germany, Sweden Spain and Poland.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>The participants were randomly assigned to receive either amoxicillin or a placebo three times a day for seven days. They were monitored throughout.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>The study found that there was little difference in the duration or severity of the symptoms between the two groups. This was true even for patients over the age of 60.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>While more patients in the placebo group reported new or worsening symptoms, just two from that group, along with one from the antibiotic group, needed to be hospitalised because of the LRTI.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Furthermore, patients in the antibiotic group reported more side-effects, such as diarrhoea, nausea and rash, than those in the placebo group.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>"Our results show that most people get better on their own. But, given that a small number of patients will benefit from antibiotics, the challenge remains to identify these individuals," commented Prof Paul Little of the University of Southampton.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>He added that using amoxicillin to treat respiratory infections in patients not suspected of having pneumonia ‘is not likely to help and could be harmful', particularly if it leads to antibiotic resistance.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #990000;">Details of these findings are published in the journal, <em>The Lancet Infectious Diseases</em></span></b></span><span style="color: #990000;">.</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.irishhealth.com/article.html?id=21491">Irish Health</a></div>
Pat O'Connorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13638920419420663623noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19360466.post-53554518297048302132012-12-27T06:50:00.003-08:002012-12-27T06:50:51.848-08:00Bad Mix: Haldi impedes effect of antibiotics<span style="color: orange; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Bad Mix: Haldi impedes effect of antibiotics</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Turmeric has been an integral part of Indian kitchen for ages. But now, researchers from the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) suggest that people on antibiotics should avoid turmeric for fast recovery.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>A study conducted by the Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Biosafety Laboratories, IISc, Bengaluru, reveals that curcumin, an active chemical substance found in turmeric, interferes with the efficacy of antibiotics like ciprofloxacin. Thus, antibiotics lose their ability to fight harmful bacteria. The IISc team tested ciprofloxacin against typhoid bacteria in the presence of curcumin.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Ciprofloxacin is the first line drug to treat typhoid.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Turmeric has gained importance in treating diseases, as a food additive and preservative. Many consume turmeric tablets as a daily dietary supplement. Some even have the spice to benefit from the curative properties of curcumin. Moreover, haldi is added in Indian dishes.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>The IISc team demonstrated that curcumin inhibited the action of ciprofloxacin by not preventing the ciprofloxacin-induced cleavage of DNA.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>The study was published in the latest issue of the Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Curcumin is a major dietary molecule among Indians and on an average, a person takes 0.03 to 0.12 gm per day.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: red;">**</span><span style="color: #b45f06;"><i>Editor's note: More research is needed to confirm what this article reports. It should be noted there is some criticism of it and the basis of the researchers conclusions.</i></span><span style="color: red;">**</span></b></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.deccanchronicle.com/121226/lifestyle-health-workplace/article/bad-mix-haldi-impedes-effect-antibiotics">Deccan Chronicle</a></div>
Pat O'Connorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13638920419420663623noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19360466.post-79632259895475927412012-12-27T06:45:00.004-08:002012-12-27T06:45:33.646-08:00Oral and topical antibiotic prescriptions for children in general practice.<br />
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Oral and topical antibiotic prescriptions for children in general practice.</b></span></h1>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Dec 2012</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=de%20Bont%20EG%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23268371" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">de Bont EG</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=van%20Loo%20IH%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23268371" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">van Loo IH</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Dukers-Muijrers%20NH%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23268371" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Dukers-Muijrers NH</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Hoebe%20CJ%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23268371" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Hoebe CJ</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Bruggeman%20CA%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23268371" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bruggeman CA</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Dinant%20GJ%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23268371" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Dinant GJ</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Cals%20JW%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23268371" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Cals JW</a>.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Source</b></span></h3>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Department of General Practice, Maastricht University, , Maastricht, Limburg, The Netherlands.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ea9999; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>OBJECTIVE:</b></span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b> <span style="color: #990000;">Most primary care clinical guidelines recommend restrictive antibiotic use for childhood infections. We investigated antibiotic prescription rates over time for oral and topical <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">antibiotics</span> for children (≤12 years) in the period 2000-2010.</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ea9999; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>DESIGN, SETTING AND PATIENTS:</b></span></h4>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Longitudinal observational study among children (≤12 years) in a large Dutch general practice database in the period 2000-2010.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ea9999; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:</b></span></h4>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Oral and topical antibiotic prescribing rates per year and independent factors influencing antibiotic prescriptions.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ea9999; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>RESULTS:</b></span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b> <span style="color: #990000;">We analysed 108 555 patient-years during 2000-2010. At least one chronic disease was recorded in 15.8% of patient-years, with asthma most commonly registered. In 14.8% of the patient-years at least one antibiotic was prescribed, while 26.3% of these received two or more prescriptions. Young age and chronic disease had a significant effect on antibiotic prescriptions. Prescriptions for oral and topical <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">antibiotics</span> increased 4.9% and 1.8%, respectively, during 2000-2005. Prescription rates for oral <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">antibiotics</span> decreased 3.3% during 2006-2010, while topical prescribing rates remained stable.</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ea9999; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>CONCLUSIONS:</b></span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b> <span style="color: #990000;">One in six children received at least one oral antibiotic prescription per year during 2000-2010. While topical prescription rates steadily increased during 2005-2010 and remained stable during 2006-2010, prescription rates for oral <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">antibiotics</span> increased significantly during the period 2000-2005 and then significantly decreased during the period 2006-2010. As clinical guidelines remained the same over this period, the effects could be contributed to the initiation of the Dutch nationwide pneumococcal vaccination campaign in 2006.</span></b></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23268371">PubMed</a></div>
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Pat O'Connorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13638920419420663623noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19360466.post-69663871635370473432012-12-27T06:41:00.000-08:002012-12-27T06:41:26.307-08:00Effectiveness of physician-targeted interventions to improve antibiotic use for respiratory tract infections.<b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.125em;"><span style="color: orange;">Effectiveness of physician-targeted interventions to improve <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">antibiotic</span> use for respiratory tract infections.</span></b><br />
<b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.125em;"><br /></b>
<b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.125em;"><span style="color: #990000;">Dec 2021</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=van%20der%20Velden%20AW%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23211259" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">van der Velden AW</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Pijpers%20EJ%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23211259" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pijpers EJ</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Kuyvenhoven%20MM%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23211259" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kuyvenhoven MM</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Tonkin-Crine%20SK%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23211259" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Tonkin-Crine SK</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Little%20P%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23211259" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Little P</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Verheij%20TJ%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23211259" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Verheij TJ</a>.</b></span></div>
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Source</b></span></h3>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.</b></span></div>
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Abstract</b></span></h3>
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<span style="color: #ea9999; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>
BACKGROUND:</b></span></h4>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Antibiotic</span> use and concomitant resistance are increasing. Literature reviews do not unambiguously indicate which interventions are most effective in improving <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">antibiotic</span> prescribing practice.</b></span><br />
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Ai</b></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>M:</b></span></span></h4>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>To assess the <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">effectiveness</span> of <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">physician-targeted</span> <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">interventions</span> aiming to <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">improve</span> <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">antibiotic</span> prescribing for <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">respiratory</span><span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">tract</span> <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">infections</span> (RTIs) in primary care, and to identify intervention features mostly contributing to intervention success.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ea9999; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>DESIGN AND SETTING:</b></span></h4>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Analysis of a set of physician-targeted interventions in primary care.</b></span><br />
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METHOD:</b></span></h4>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>A literature search (1990-2009) for studies describing the effectiveness of interventions aiming to optimise <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">antibiotic </span>prescription for RTIs by primary care physicians. Intervention features were extracted and effectiveness sizes were calculated. Association between intervention features and intervention success was analysed in multivariate regression analysis.</b></span><br />
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RESULTS:</b></span></h4>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>This study included 58 studies, describing 87 interventions of which 60% significantly improved <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">antibiotic</span>prescribing; interventions aiming to decrease overall <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">antibiotic</span> prescription were more frequently effective than interventions aiming to increase first choice prescription. On average, <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">antibiotic</span> prescription was reduced by 11.6%, and first choice prescription increased by 9.6%. Multiple interventions containing at least 'educational material for the physician' were most often effective. No significant added value was found for interventions containing patient-directed elements. Communication skills training and near-patient testing sorted the largest intervention effects.</b></span><br />
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CONCLUSION:</b></span></h4>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>This review emphasises the importance of physician education in optimising <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">antibiotic</span> use. Further research should focus on how to provide physicians with the relevant knowledge and tools, and when to supplement education with additional intervention elements. Feasibility should be included in this process.</b></span><br />
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Effectiveness%20of%20physician-targeted%20interventions%20to%20improve%20antibiotic%20use%20for%20respiratory%20tract%20infections.">PubMed</a></div>
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Pat O'Connorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13638920419420663623noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19360466.post-7585693299535212492012-12-27T06:36:00.002-08:002012-12-27T06:36:14.367-08:00Bacteriocins - a viable alternative to antibiotics?<br />
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Bacteriocins - a viable alternative to <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">antibiotics</span>?</b></span></h1>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Dec 24, 2912</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Cotter%20PD%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23268227" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Cotter PD</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Ross%20RP%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23268227" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ross RP</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Hill%20C%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=23268227" style="border: 0px; color: #660066; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Hill C</a>.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Source</b></span></h3>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>1] Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland. [2] Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Cork, Ireland.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Abstract</b></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #990000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Solutions are urgently required for the growing number of infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Bacteriocins, which are antimicrobial peptides produced by certain bacteria, might warrant serious consideration as alternatives to traditional <span class="highlight" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">antibiotics</span>. These molecules exhibit significant potency against other bacteria (including antibiotic-resistant strains), are stable and can have narrow or broad activity spectra. Bacteriocins can even be produced in situ in the gut by probiotic bacteria to combat intestinal infections. Although the application of specific bacteriocins might be curtailed by the development of resistance, an understanding of the mechanisms by which such resistance could emerge will enable researchers to develop strategies to minimize this potential problem.</b></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23268227"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">PubMed</span></a></div>
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Pat O'Connorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13638920419420663623noreply@blogger.com